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Justifying the Present with One Eye on the Future: Criteria for the Selection of Event Categories. The latest versions of Adobe Reader do not support viewing PDF files within Firefox on Mac OS and if you are using a modern (Intel) Mac, there is no official plugin for viewing PDF files within the browser window.

There are two different kinds of advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD): dry AMD and wet AMD.¹ In wet AMD, new abnormal blood vessels grow underneath the retina in a process called choroidal neovascularization (called CNV). Patients with myopic macular degeneration, or MMD, can also develop abnormal leaky blood vessels, under the retina, however the disease process is not age-related as in wet AMD.² When they leak or bleed, the retina may be damaged, causing significant rapid vision loss. By the time wet AMD is diagnosed, the disease is already considered advanced or late stage. While treatment cannot reverse damage that has been done, treatment is available to help slow or even prevent further progression.

What are intravitreal injections?

• GretagMacbeth Eye-One iO Device: Eye-One delivers a complete solution for all color measurement and color management needs. The new Eye-One iO provides a new level of automation for fast.
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One of the treatments for wet AMD and MMD with CNV involves an injection of medicine into the vitreous gel, located in the back of the eye near the retina; this procedure is called an intravitreal injection, and is typically performed by a retina specialist. An injection into the eye allows medicine to be delivered closer to the area of disease and also minimize the risk of side effects to the rest of your body.

What is anti-VEGF?

A protein called vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is produced in high levels in the eye, and this molecule signals the growth of new abnormal leaky blood vessels.¹ In order to combat this process, anti-VEGF drugs may be injected into the eye to inhibit the VEGF molecule, thereby preventing the formation of new leaky blood vessels. There are several different kinds of anti-VEGF medications, and the dosage and injection schedule can vary depending on disease severity and treatment response.

Eye injection anxiety

Getting an injection anywhere can be an unnerving experience, especially in the eye. It’s completely normal to have some anxiety about the treatment, but the more you know about the process, the less nervous you might be.

Establishing a treatment plan

Once it’s been clinically established that you have wet AMD or MMD with CNV, your eye doctor will talk with you about your condition and which medication might be best for you, as well as what dosing schedule you will be started on. Once he or she evaluates how your eye responds to the treatment, the medicine and dosing interval may change.

What to expect when getting eye injections

1. First, the doctor will clean your eye and eyelid with a yellow iodine solution, and then numb your eye with drops, a gel, or even a numbing shot.
2. After your eyes are numbed, they will use an eyelid holder to keep your eyelids open during the injection.
3. The place of injection will be measured; usually the outer lower part of the eye, near your ear.³
4. You’ll be asked to look up, and the injection will take place.

The entire injection process usually takes just a few minutes once the eye is numbed. You might feel some pressure or nothing at all, but you should not feel significant pain. You might see some wavy lines or floaters as the medicine is distributed around the eye.³

Aftercare for eye injections

Once the injection is finished, the doctor will look at your eye and clean around it with an eyewash solution.

You might have some soreness or discomfort in the eye, along with foggy vision or floaters for a day or two. If you do have soreness, this is easily taken care of with over-the-counter medication; if you experience no relief with this, call your doctor. Gently holding a clean, cool washcloth to your closed eye for 10 minutes at a time might also help.³

Complications

As with any medical procedure, sometimes side effects or complications may arise from eye injections.

Common side effects

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Common side effects can include:⁴

• Temporary blurry vision
• Eye soreness/irritation
• Mild eye redness
• Temporary increase in eye pressure

Serious complications

Serious complications are rare, but if present, can be vision threatening and warrant immediate attention by your doctor. These complications may include:

• Eye infection (called endophthalmitis)
• Stroke (with certain medicines)

Talk with your doctor about the signs or symptoms of serious complications, and call your doctor if you experience anything out of the ordinary or pain that does not go away.

Other complications

Sometimes during the injection, the needle may hit a surface blood vessel and break it, causing the white of the eye to look red and bloody. This can last several weeks, but is generally painless, will not affect your vision, and often resolves on its own. If you are experiencing increasing pain or changes in vision, call your doctor.

Adjusting to the process

As with anything new, each time you go for an injection it will hopefully become a little less nerve-wracking as you learn what to expect and what your “normal” is. Many people will find that their vision becomes more stable after the injections begin, and some might find even a slight improvement. If you have any questions about the process, don’t hesitate to talk with your doctor.

More on this topic

Article

Age-Related Macular Degeneration Awareness Month

Article

10 Things You Should Know About Clinical Trials

Title

Macular telangiectasia (MacTel) type 2 is an eye disease affecting the macula that causes loss of central vision. MacTel develops when there are problems with the tiny blood vessels (capillaries) around the fovea, an area in the center of the macula where eyesight is the sharpest. In MacTel type 2, the capillaries around the fovea widen (become dilated) and leak. This causes fluid build-up and swelling, impairing reflection of light and causing progressive vision loss. As damage continues, new blood vessels may form, which can break and leak. This can lead to the development of scar tissue, further impairing central vision. MacTel type 2 affects both eyes and occurs most often in middle-aged adults.^[1][2][3]
Symptoms of MacTel type 2 can be subtle at first and may include slow loss of vision, distorted vision, blurring, trouble reading, and a spot of decreased or absent vision in the visual field.^[1][2] The vision loss in MacTel type 2 generally progresses over ten to twenty years (sometimes more). However, there may be periods when symptoms do not worsen, interspersed with episodes of sudden worsening of vision.^[2]

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^[3] MacTel type 2 usually does not cause total blindness, but vision loss can significantly impact quality of life.^[1][3]

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The underlying cause of MacTel type 2 is not known (idiopathic). While it sometimes 'runs in families' and may have a genetic component, no specific genes responsible for MacTel type 2 have been identified.^[3][4][5]Environmental factors may also play a role in the development of MacTel type 2.^[5] Some researchers believe that people with diabetes, hypertension, obesity, or other health problems may be at increased risk for developing MacTel type 2.^[1][4]
Vision loss associated with MacTel type 2 may be permanent. While no treatment has been proven to prevent progression, treatment may be helpful in some cases. Treatment options may include injection of anti-VEGF medications to limit the growth of new blood vessels, and the use of low vision aids.^[1][2][6]

If you need medical advice, you can look for doctors or other healthcare professionals who have experience with this disease. You may find these specialists through advocacy organizations, clinical trials, or articles published in medical journals. You may also want to contact a university or tertiary medical center in your area, because these centers tend to see more complex cases and have the latest technology and treatments.

If you can’t find a specialist in your local area, try contacting national or international specialists. They may be able to refer you to someone they know through conferences or research efforts. Some specialists may be willing to consult with you or your local doctors over the phone or by email if you can't travel to them for care.

You can find more tips in our guide, How to Find a Disease Specialist. We also encourage you to explore the rest of this page to find resources that can help you find specialists.

Healthcare Resources

• The American Society of Retina Specialists has a Find a Retina Specialist page on their website.

Research helps us better understand diseases and can lead to advances in diagnosis and treatment. This section provides resources to help you learn about medical research and ways to get involved.

Clinical Research Resources

• ClinicalTrials.gov lists trials that are related to Macular telangiectasia type 2. Click on the link to go to ClinicalTrials.gov to read descriptions of these studies.
  Please note: Studies listed on the ClinicalTrials.gov website are listed for informational purposes only; being listed does not reflect an endorsement by GARD or the NIH. We strongly recommend that you talk with a trusted healthcare provider before choosing to participate in any clinical study.
• The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide patients, family members, and members of the public with current information on clinical research studies. There is a study titled Screening Study for the Evaluation and Diagnosis of Potential Research Participantswhich may be of interest to you.

General Clinical Trials & Research

• The Lowy Medical Research Institute (LMRI) oversees clinical, translational, and basic science research relevant to macular telangiectasia type 2.

Support and advocacy groups can help you connect with other patients and families, and they can provide valuable services. Many develop patient-centered information and are the driving force behind research for better treatments and possible cures. They can direct you to research, resources, and services. Many organizations also have experts who serve as medical advisors or provide lists of doctors/clinics. Visit the group’s website or contact them to learn about the services they offer. Inclusion on this list is not an endorsement by GARD.

Organizations Supporting this Disease

• Macular Disease Foundation Australia
  Suite 902, Level 9
  447 Kent Street
  Sydney, 2000 Australia
  Telephone: 1800 111 709
  E-mail: info@mdfoundation.com.au
  Website: https://www.mdfoundation.com.au/
  
• Prevent Blindness America
  211 West Wacker Drive, Suite 1700
  Chicago, IL 60606
  Toll-free: 800-331-2020
  E-mail: info@preventblindness.org
  Website: http://www.preventblindness.org/
  

Organizations Providing General Support

• National Alliance for Eye and Vision Research (NAEVR)
  5515 Security Lane
  Suite 500
  Rockville, MD 20852
  Telephone: +1-240-221-2905
  E-mail: jamesj@eyeresearch.org
  Website: https://www.eyeresearch.org/
  
• Retina International
  Suite 108, Camden Business Centre
  12 Camden Row
  Dublin 8
  Ireland
  Telephone: +353 1 472 0468
  E-mail: avril.daly@retina-International.org
  Website: https://www.retina-international.org/
  

One-eye Mac Os Update

These resources provide more information about this condition or associated symptoms. The in-depth resources contain medical and scientific language that may be hard to understand. You may want to review these resources with a medical professional.

Where to Start

• The American Society of Retina Specialists has a fact sheet about Macular telangiectasia type 2.
• Macular Disease Foundation Australia has a fact sheet about Macular telangiectasia type 2.

In-Depth Information

• The Monarch Initiative brings together data about this condition from humans and other species to help physicians and biomedical researchers. Monarch’s tools are designed to make it easier to compare the signs and symptoms (phenotypes) of different diseases and discover common features. This initiative is a collaboration between several academic institutions across the world and is funded by the National Institutes of Health. Visit the website to explore the biology of this condition.
• Orphanet is a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Access to this database is free of charge.
  
• PubMed is a searchable database of medical literature and lists journal articles that discuss Macular telangiectasia type 2. Click on the link to view a sample search on this topic.

Selected Full-Text Journal Articles

• Charbel Issa P, Gillies MC, Chew EY, Bird AC, Heeren TF, Peto T, Holz FG, Scholl HP. Macular telangiectasia type 2. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2013 May;34:49-77.

Diagrams/Images

• A diagram of the eye can be found by visiting MedlinePlus, the National Library of Medicine Web site designed to help you research your health questions. Click on MedlinePlus to view the diagram.

Questions sent to GARD may be posted here if the information could be helpful to others. We remove all identifying information when posting a question to protect your privacy. If you do not want your question posted, please let us know. Submit a new question

• The research I find says no one knows what causes this rare disease. If this is the case, then how does one know that the eyes being exposed to environmental chemicals cannot cause this rare disease?See answer

• What causes idiopathic juxtafoveal retinal telangiectasia?See answer

1. Boyd K, Vemulakonda GA. What Is Macular Telangiectasia?. American Academy of Ophthalmology. April 27, 2018; https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/macular-telangiectasia.
2. Macular Telangiectasia (“MacTel”). Macular Disease Foundation Australia. July, 2015; https://www.mdfoundation.com.au/sites/default/files/MDFA_MacularTelangiectasia-MacTel_Factsheet_web.pdf.
3. About Macular Telangiectasia (MacTel). The Lowy Medical Research Institute. http://www.lmri.net/mactel/macular-telangiectasia-mactel/. Accessed 5/3/2018.
4. Scerri TS, Quaglieri A, Cai C, et al. Genome-wide analyses identify common variants associated with macular telangiectasia type 2. Nat Genet. April, 2017; 49(4):559-567. https://www.nature.com/articles/ng.3799.
5. Charbel Issa P, Gillies MC, Chew EY, et al. Macular telangiectasia type 2. Prog Retin Eye Res. May, 2013; 34:49-77. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3638089/.
6. Idiopathic Juxtafoveal Telangiectasis. American Society of Retina Specialists. 2016; https://www.asrs.org/content/documents/fact_sheet_28_idiopathic_juxtafoveal_telangiectasis.pdf.
7. Nowilaty SR, Al-Shamsi HN, Al-Khars W. Idiopathic juxtafoveolar retinal telangiectasis: a current review. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. July, 2010; 17(3):224-241. Accessed 2/10/2014.

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